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Abdominal pregnancy (graviditas abdominalis): A true primary abdominal pregnancy has not been described in animals acne on scalp 5mg flitrion with mastercard. One reason might be the fact that due to gastrointestinal movements in animals acne vacuum purchase line flitrion, the implantation of the zygote is inhibited acne under eyes order flitrion 5 mg on-line. In contrast skin care with hyaluronic acid purchase discount flitrion on-line, due to the upright body position in humans, the zygote has a better chance to connect with extra-uterine maternal tissue caused by the relatively small pelvic cavity and the lesser influence of gastrointestinal movements in this area. In secondary abdominal pregnancy the embryo or fetus starts to develop within the uterus. Subsequently, it is dislocated to the abdominal cavity and attached to extra-uterine maternal tissue with connection to maternal blood vessels. Secondary abdominal pregnancies are reported in all domestic animals with a declining frequency: cattle, rabbit, sheep, dog, pig, cat, goat and horse. In most cases, when the abdominal pregnancy is recognized the cause of the uterine rupture cannot be identified anymore. Spontaneous uterine ruptures are often a consequence of uterine torsions or other pathological uterine conditions. Directly after dislocation of the embryo or fetus into the abdominal cavity the uterus contracts and uterine contractions stop immediately. The fate of the abdominal embryo or fetus depends on the ability to connect to maternal tissue and to ensure the connection to maternal blood vessels to guarantee nutritional supply. In cases with intact amniotic membranes the probability for an embryonic or fetal survival increases. Ectopic pregnancy, mouse: the degenerating fetus contains areas of necrotic skeletal muscle, characterized by the presence of cross-striations. In cases with neoplacentation, the placental fragments lose their species-specific properties and transform into irregularly formed islets of diffuse placental connections. Neoplacentations within the mesentery or the great omentum normally do not cause clinical signs of the mother. Neoplacentations in other organs may be associated with severe clinical signs of the mother due to disturbances of normal organ function. During the whole duration of abdominal pregnancy the embryo or fetus can die due to nutritional failure. If this happens the embryo or fetus will undergo mummification or maceration and may induce a reactive inflammatory reaction. This may lead to abscess formation and fistulation through the abdominal wall or inflammatory involvement of several abdominal organs. Conference Comment: this is an interesting and descriptively challenging case during which many participants debated whether the fetus was within the uterus or free in the abdominal cavity. Some sections contained a small piece of epithelium that to most looked like gestational uterine epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical staining of the section for smooth muscle actin demonstrated that smooth muscle was present surrounding much of the lesion. The combined findings left many to conclude the pregnancy began in the uterus that subsequently ruptured and adhered to the peritoneal wall. The contributor provides an excellent overview of ectopic pregnancies, of which only secondary abdominal pregnancy has been reported in animals, which supports the opinion of most participants. Another important question pertaining to this case is regarding the age of the fetus. Ectopic pregnancies occur most commonly in the fallopian tube in people, and fetal development occurs as usual until, in some instances, its size outgrows the tissues ability to expand. Whether the majority of this development occurred within the uterus prior to a rupture or largely took place while attached to the abdominal wall as observed in these slides remains a point of speculation. Contributing Institution: Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany. No experimental procedures had been performed on the mouse as she was part of a cohort being allowed to age prior to study commencement. The technicians noted a mass on the side of the face/neck, culled the animal and removed tissues for histological assessment.
Syndromes
Feline lung-digit syndrome: unusual metastatic patterns of primary lung tumours in cats acne toner generic flitrion 10 mg with visa. Prognosis factors for survival in cats after removal of a primary lung tumor: 21 cases (1979-1994) acne guidelines cheap generic flitrion uk. The owners had not seen the cat drinking or using the litter box for the past few days acne forum buy genuine flitrion online. He did have access to a screened porch and was on Frontline but no heartworm preventative acne active order 5 mg flitrion otc. The next morning the cat was still dull and dysphoric and soon developed cardiac and respiratory arrest. Gross Pathologic Findings: the cat was in good physical condition, but moderately overweight. There was a significant amount of serosanguineous fluid in the trachea and large bronchi. There was a moderate amount of dark red to black fecal material in the large intestine. Histopathologic Description: Blood vessels throughout the lung, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract are partially to almost completely occluded by few to numerous macrophages containing protozoal schizonts consistent with Cytauxzoon felis. Similar organisms are within macrophages filling subcapsular, cortical, and medullary sinuses of lymph nodes as well as within the splenic red pulp. Lung, cat: At subgross examination, while pulmonary vasculature is prominent, blood is not evident within larger vessels. Lung, cat: Alveolar septa are expanded up to 3x normal by numerous macrophages, dilated capillaries, edema, and fibrin. The adjacent pulmonary venule is expanded and almost occluded by the present of numerous macrophages enlarged by schizonts of Cytauxzoon felis. Bobcats and possibly other wild felids are believed to serve as the reservoir host. Clinical findings include acute illness with fever, depression, anorexia, pallor, icterus, and usually death within a few days. The urine in the early hemolytic phase is highly concentrated, acidic and contains large amounts of protein, bile and blood. This more sensitive method of detection has lead to the identification of cats that either have subclinical infection or that have recovered from an infection and become chronic carriers. Lymph node: Lymphadenitis, histiocytic, diffuse, mild, with lymphoid depletion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and numerous intravascular intrahistiocytic schizonts. Lung: Pneumonia, interstitial, histiocytic, diffuse, mild, with numerous intravascular intrahistiocytic schizonts. Conference Comment: Two different slides were distributed for this case, both exhibiting numerous intravascular apicomplexans typical of Cytauxzoon felis. The schizonts within circulating macrophages demonstrated in this case are first cycle of schizogony, and in chronic disease, cytomeres are released and infect erythrocytes during the second cycle of schizogony to form the piroplasm ring (signet ring) often evident on cytology. Ischemic damage can also cause cerebral necrosis, appearing similar in some respects to feline ischemic encephalopathy and thiamine deficiency. Genetic variability of Cytauxzoon felis from 88 infected domestic cats in Arkansas and Georgia. Detection of persistent Cytauxzoon felis infection by polymerase chain reaction in three asymptomatic d o m e s t i c c a t s. Histopathologic Description: Stomach: Expanding the submucosa and elevating the overlying gastric mucosa there is a mostly well demarcated, but unencapsulated, densely cellular and partially infiltrative growing ovoid mass of up to 1. The cells are closely packed in sheets with a moderate amount of fibrovascular stroma. The chromatin is finely stippled, in some nuclei finely clumped with a distinct round centrally located eosinophilic nucleolus in each nucleus. Preexisting vessels within the mass are thickened by increased numbers of spindle cells in the media (media hyperplasia) and deposition of extracellular, eosinophilic, fibrillar material (collagen).
Ultimately acne vulgaris definition 5 mg flitrion sale, after the lapse of centuries acne nodules purchase 10 mg flitrion, these sub-breeds would become converted into two well-established and distinct breeds acne bp5 buy discount flitrion. As the differences became greater acne jaw line flitrion 5 mg generic, the inferior animals with intermediate characters, being neither swift nor very strong, would not have been used for, breeding, and will thus have tended to disappear. I believe it can and does apply most efficiently (though it was a long time before I saw how), from the simple circumstance that the more diversified the descendants from any one species become in structure, constitution, and habits, by so much will they be better enabled to seize on many and widely diversified places in the polity of nature, and so be enabled to increase in numbers. Take the case of a carnivorous quadruped, of which the number that can be supported in any country has long ago arrived at its full average. If its natural power of increase be allowed to act, it can succeed in increasing (the country not undergoing any change in conditions) only by its varying descendants seizing on places at present occupied by other animals: some of them, for instance, being enabled to feed on new kinds of prey, either dead or alive; some inhabiting new stations, climbing trees, frequenting water, and some perhaps becoming less carnivorous. The more diversified in habits and structure the descendants of our carnivorous animals become, the more places they will be enabled to occupy. What applies to one animal will apply throughout all time to all animals- that is, if they vary- for otherwise natural selection can effect nothing. It has been experimentally proved, that if a plot of ground be sown with one species of grass, and a similar plot be sown with several distinct genera of grasses, a greater number of plants and a greater weight of dry herbage can be raised in the latter than in the former case. The same has been found to hold good when one 93 variety and several mixed varieties of wheat have been sown on equal spaces of ground. Hence, if any one species of grass were to go on varying, and the varieties were continually selected which differed from each other in the same manner, though in a very slight degree, as do the distinct species and genera of grasses, a greater number of individual plants of this species, including its modified descendants, would succeed in living on the same piece of ground. And we know that each species and each variety of grass is annually sowing almost countless seeds; and is thus striving, as it may be said, to the utmost to increase in number. Consequently, in the course of many thousand generations, the most distinct varieties of any one species of grass would have the best chance of succeeding and of increasing in numbers, and thus of supplanting the less distinct varieties; and varieties, when rendered very distinct from each other, take the rank of species. The truth of the principle that the greatest amount of life can be supported by great diversification of structure, is seen under many natural circumstances. In an extremely small area, especially if freely open to immigration, and where the contest between individual and individual must be very severe, we always find great diversity in its inhabitants. For instance, I found that a piece of turf, three feet by four in size, which had been exposed for many years to exactly the same conditions, supported twenty species of plants, and these belonged to eighteen genera and to eight orders, which shows how much these plants differed from each other. So it is with the plants and insects on small and uniform islets: also in small ponds of fresh water. Farmers find that they can raise most food by a rotation of plants belonging to the most different orders: nature follows what may be called a simultaneous rotation. Most of the animals and plants which live close round any small piece of ground, could live on it (supposing its nature not to be in any way peculiar), and may be said to be striving to the utmost to live there; but, it is seen, that where they come into the closest competition, the advantages of diversification of structure, with the accompanying differences of habit and constitution, determine that the inhabitants, which thus jostle each other most closely, shall, as a general rule, belong to what we call different genera and orders. It might have been expected that the plants 94 which would succeed in becoming naturalised in any land would generally have been closely allied to the indigenes; for these are commonly looked at as specially created and adapted for their own country. It might also, perhaps, have been expected that naturalised plants would have belonged to a few groups more especially adapted to certain stations in their new homes. They differ, moreover, to a large extent, from the indigenes, for out of the 162 naturalised genera, no less than 100 genera are not there indigenous, and thus a large proportional addition is made to the genera now living in the United States. By considering the nature of the plants or animals which have in any country struggled successfully with the indigenes and have there become naturalised, we may gain some crude idea in what manner some of the natives would have to be modified, in order to gain an advantage over their compatriots; and we may at least infer that diversification of structure, amounting to new generic differences, would be profitable to them. The advantage of diversification of structure in the inhabitants of the same region is, in fact, the same as that of the physiological division of labour in the organs of the same individual body- a subject so well elucidated by Milne Edwards. No physiologist doubts that a stomach adapted to digest vegetable matter alone, or flesh alone, draws most nutriment from these substances. So in the general economy of any land, the more widely and perfectly the animals and plants are diversified for different habits of life, so will a greater number of individuals be capable of there supporting themselves. A set of animals, with their organisation but little diversified, could hardly compete with a set more perfectly diversified in structure. It may be doubted, for instance, whether the Australian marsupials, which are divided into groups differing but little from each other, and feebly representing, as Mr. Waterhouse and others 95 have remarked, our carnivorous, ruminant, and rodent mammals, could successfully compete with these well-developed orders. In the Australian mammals, we see the process of diversification in an early and incomplete stage of development.
Until recently the instincts of the European and of the nonparasitic American cuckoo alone were known acne 1cd-9 generic flitrion 10mg mastercard. The chief points to be referred to are three: first skin care routine for oily skin order flitrion once a day, that the common cuckoo skin care now pueblo co purchase flitrion on line, with rare exceptions skin care at 30 generic 5 mg flitrion free shipping, lays only one egg in a nest, so that the large and voracious young bird receives ample food. Secondly, that the eggs are remarkably small, not exceeding those of the skylark,- a bird about one-fourth as large as the cuckoo. That the small size of the egg is a real cause of adaptation we may infer from the fact of the non-parasitic American cuckoo laying full-sized eggs. Thirdly, that the young cuckoo, soon after birth, has the instinct, the strength, and a properly shaped back for ejecting its foster-brothers, which then perish from cold and hunger. Turning now to the Australian species; though these birds generally lay only one egg in a nest, it is not rare to find two or even three eggs in the same nest. In the bronze cuckoo the eggs vary greatly in size, from eight to ten times in length. Now if it had been of an advantage to this species to have laid eggs even smaller than those now laid, so as to have deceived certain foster-parents, or, as is more probable, to have been hatched within a shorter period (for it is asserted that there is a relation between the size of eggs and the period of their incubation), then there is no difficulty in believing that a race or species might have been formed which would have laid smaller and smaller eggs; for these would have been more safely hatched and reared. Ramsay remarks that two of the Australian cuckoos, when they lay their eggs in an open nest, manifest a decided preference for nests containing eggs similar in colour to their own. The European species apparently manifests some tendency towards a similar instinct, but not rarely departs from it, as is shown by her laying her dull and pale-coloured eggs in the nest of the Hedgewarbler with bright greenish-blue eggs. Had our cuckoo invariably displayed the above instinct, it would assuredly have been added to those which it is assumed must all have been acquired together. Ramsay, to an extraordinary degree in colour; so that in this respect, as well as in size, natural selection might have secured and fixed any advantageous variation. In the case of the European cuckoo, the offspring of the foster-parents are commonly ejected from the nest within three days after the cuckoo is hatched; and as the latter at this age is in a most helpless condition, Mr. Gould was formerly inclined to believe that the act of ejection was performed by the foster-parents themselves. But he has now received a trustworthy account of a young cuckoo which was actually seen, whilst still blind and not able even to hold up its own head, in the act of ejecting its foster-brothers. With respect to the means by which this strange and odious instinct was acquired, if it were of great importance for the young cuckoo, as is probably the case, to receive as much food as 228 possible soon after birth, I can see no special difficulty in its having gradually acquired, during successive generations, the blind desire, the strength, and structure necessary for the work of ejection; for those young cuckoos which had such habits and structure best developed would be the most securely reared. The first step towards the acquisition of the proper instinct might have been more unintentional restlessness on the part of the young bird, when somewhat advanced in age and strength; the habit having been afterwards improved, and transmitted to an earlier age. I can see no more difficulty in this, than in the unhatched young of other birds acquiring the instinct to break through their own shells;- or than in young snakes acquiring in their upper jaws, as Owen has remarked, a transitory sharp tooth for cutting through the tough eggshell. For if each part is liable to individual variations at all ages, and the variations tend to be inherited at a corresponding or earlier age,propositions which cannot be disputed,- then the instincts and structure of the young could be slowly modified as surely as those of the adult; and both cases must stand or fall together with the whole theory of natural selection. Some species of Molothrus, a widely distinct genus of American birds, allied to our starlings, have parasitic habits like those of the cuckoo; and the species present an interesting gradation in the perfection of their instincts. Hudson, sometimes to live promiscuously together in flocks, and sometimes to pair. They either build a nest of their own, or seize on one belonging to some other bird, occasionally throwing out the nestlings of the stranger. They either lay their eggs in the nest thus appropriated, or oddly enough build one for themselves on the top of it. Hudson says it is probable that they are occasionally parasitic, for he has seen the young of this species following old birds of a distinct kind and clamouring to be fed by them. This bird, as far as it is known, invariably lays its eggs in the nests of strangers; but it is remarkable that several together sometimes commence to build an irregular untidy nest of their own, placed in singularly ill-adapted situations, as on the leaves of a large thistle. They often lay so many eggs- from fifteen to twenty- in the same foster-nest, that few or none can possibly be hatched. They have, moreover, the extraordinary habit of pecking holes in the eggs, whether of their own species or of their foster-parents, which they find in the appropriated nests. Hudson is a strong disbeliever in evolution, but he appears to have been so much struck by the imperfect instincts of the Molothrus bonariensis that he quotes my words, and asks, "Must we consider these habits, not as especially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law, namely, transition This habit is not very uncommon with the Gallinaceae, and throws some light on the singular instinct of the ostrich.
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